9.2 Drives, paths and landscaping

9.2 - Appendix 9.2A
	Table 1	Construction details of paved areas
	Table 2	Minimum sub-base thickness for paved areas
	General

Appendix 9.2-A

Table 1 Construction details of paved areas:

The construction of private roads, shared private drives, private drives and car parking areas should be in accordance with the following or an equivalent alternative. (Thicknesses shown are in mm).

Private road having frequent use by commercial vehicles

Construction (see Note 1)		Road type
		Road (Bituminous Macadam)	Road (Block pavers)	Footpath (Bituminous Macadam)
Sub-base	Granular sub-base material Type 1 to clause 803 Table 8/2 MCHW1 Series 800 (see Note 2)	Table 2	150 (if CBR is 5% or less) (see Note 3) Table 2 (if CBR is greater than 5%)	225 (see Note 3)
Base (Road base)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group one mix)	100 (0/32mm size to clause 5.2)	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Binder course (Base course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group two mix)	60 (0/20mm size to clause 6.5)	60 (0/20mm size to clause 6.5)	60 (0/20mm size to clause 6.5)
Surface course (wearing course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group three mix)	30 (0/10mm size to clause 7.4)	N/A	20 (0/6mm size to clause 7.5)
	Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1	40 (designation 30% 0/14)	N/A	N/A
	Mastic Asphalt to BS 1447	30 (Grade S - 40% 0/10mm size)	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bedding course	Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of Annex D	N/A	50	N/A
Pavers	Block pavers To BS 6717 of Class markings W2, A2, and S3 (weathering, abrasion and slip/skid classes) (see Note 6)	N/A	80	N/A

Notes

1. Names of pavement layers show both the European harmonised names and in brackets the names traditionally used in the UK.
2. If a capping layer is specified then sub-base thickness can be reduced. DMRB Volume 7 Section 2 Part 2 HD 25/95 Foundations Chapter 3 Capping and Sub-base gives guidance on capping and sub-base thickness design based on CBR values and with and without a capping layer.
3. Thickness is based on the provision of a geotextile membrane underneath the sub-base. If no geotextile membrane is provided see Table 2.
4. Bond and tack coat should be provided for bituminous mixtures in accordance with BS 4987-2 or BS 594-2.
5. Asphalt based materials can be used as partial replacement of full thickness of granular sub-base Type 1 material.
6. When laid to either 90 or 45 degrees herringbone pattern then the edge perimeter to be laid with one single row of stretcher bond set parallel to the edge restraint. Where block pavers are laid abutting drainage channels, gulley grates and the like, the upper surface of the block pavers shall be set between 3 and 6mm above the grating. Manufacturer's declared value markings W3 and S4 are acceptable if W3 is 1.0 kg/m² or less and S4 is 45 or more based on 'C scale unit' (with regard to abrasion, Class A2, no test result is greater than 23mm; and Class A1 = no performance determined).
7. Use 38mm thickness of graded 15/20mm unbound aggregate to BS EN 13242 (gravel) well rolled and compacted.
8. N/A = Not Applicable

Shared parking and associated access areas having frequent use by commercial vehicles

Construction (see Note 1)		Road type
		Bituminous Macadam	Block pavers
Sub-base	Granular sub-base material Type 1 to clause 803 Table 8/2 MCHW1 Series 800 (see Note 2)	Table 2	Table 2
Base (Road base)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group one mix)	80 (0/32mm size to clause 5.2)	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	100 Grade GEN2 (see Note 4)	N/A
Binder course (Base course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group two mix)	60 (0/20mm size to clause 6.5)	N/A
Surface course (wearing course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group three mix)	30 (0/10mm size to clause 7.4)	N/A
	Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1	N/A	N/A
	Mastic Asphalt to BS 1447	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	N/A
Bedding course	Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of Annex D	N/A	50
Pavers	Block pavers To BS 6717 of Class markings W2, A2, and S3 (weathering, abrasion and slip/skid classes) (see Note 6)	N/A	80

Shared drives having infrequent use by commercial vehicles

Construction (see Note 1)		Road type
		Bituminous Macadam	Concrete	Block pavers	Gravel
Sub-base	Granular sub-base material Type 1 to clause 803 Table 8/2 MCHW1 Series 800 (see Note 2)	Table 2	Table 2	Table 2	Table 2
Base (Road base)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group one mix)	see Note 5	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Binder course (Base course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group two mix)	80 (0/32mm size to clause 6.4) or (0/20mm size to clause 6.5)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Surface course (wearing course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group three mix)	30 (0/10mm size to clause 7.4)	N/A	N/A	see Note 7
	Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1	40 (designation 30% 0/14)	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Mastic Asphalt to BS 1447	30 (Grade S - 40% 0/10mm size)	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	150 Grade PAV2	N/A	N/A
Bedding course	Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of Annex D	N/A	N/A	50	N/A
Pavers	Block pavers To BS 6717 of Class markings W2, A2, and S3 (weathering, abrasion and slip/skid classes) (see Note 6)	N/A	N/A	80	N/A

Private drives and parking areas having use by cars and light vehicles

Construction (see Note 1)		Road type
		Bituminous Macadam	Concrete	Block pavers	Gravel
Sub-base	Granular sub-base material Type 1 to clause 803 Table 8/2 MCHW1 Series 800 (see Note 2)	Table 2	Table 2	Table 2	Table 2
Base (Road base)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group one mix)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Binder course (Base course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group two mix)	60 (0/20 mm size to clause 6.5)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Surface course (wearing course)	Dense Bituminous Macadam (100/150 Pen paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (Group three mix)	20 (0/6mm size to clause 7.5)	N/A	N/A	see Note 7
	Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Mastic Asphalt to BS 1447	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Concrete designation (BS 8500-2 Table 7)	N/A	100 Grade PAV 1	N/A	N/A
Bedding course	Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of Annex D	N/A	N/A	50	N/A
Pavers	Block pavers To BS 6717 of Class markings W2, A2, and S3 (weathering, abrasion and slip/skid classes) (see Note 6)	N/A	N/A	50	N/A

Notes

1. Names of pavement layers show both the European harmonised names and in brackets the names traditionally used in the UK.
2. If a capping layer is specified then sub-base thickness can be reduced. DMRB Volume 7 Section 2 Part 2 HD 25/95 Foundations Chapter 3 Capping and Sub-base gives guidance on capping and sub-base thickness design based on CBR values and with and without a capping layer.
3. Thickness is based on the provision of a geotextile membrane underneath the sub-base. If no geotextile membrane is provided see Table 2.
4. Bond and tack coat should be provided for bituminous mixtures in accordance with BS 4987-2 or BS 594-2.
5. Asphalt based materials can be used as partial replacement of full thickness of granular sub-base Type 1 material.
6. When laid to either 90 or 45 degrees herringbone pattern then the edge perimeter to be laid with one single row of stretcher bond set parallel to the edge restraint. Where block pavers are laid abutting drainage channels, gulley grates and the like, the upper surface of the block pavers shall be set between 3 and 6mm above the grating. Manufacturer's declared value markings W3 and S4 are acceptable if W3 is 1.0 kg/m² or less and S4 is 45 or more based on 'C scale unit' (with regard to abrasion, Class A2, no test result is greater than 23mm; and Class A1 = no performance determined).
7. Use 38mm thickness of graded 15/20mm unbound aggregate to BS EN 13242 (gravel) well rolled and compacted.
8. N/A = Not Applicable

Table 2 Minimum sub-base thickness for paved areas:

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values	Minimum thickness (mm) of sub-base (Consolidated in accordance with MCHW Volume 1 clause 801, table 8/1).
	Without Geotextile underneath	With Geotextile underneath
Less than 2%	N/A	300
2% - 3%	325	225
3% - 5%	250	150
5% - 7%	150
7% - 20%	100

Notes

The thickness of any required capping layer and the sub-base should be determined after investigations and on-site tests have been carried out relating to the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value and frost susceptibility of the sub-grade. See table 2.

Where the tests indicate that the sub-grade is frost susceptible a suitable capping layer should be included below the sub-base, to a depth that will ensure that the construction will not be affected by frost heave.

GENERAL

All works should be completed in accordance with:

• the design, and
• the ground remediation statement where applicable.

All vegetable matter should be removed from the area of the proposed works.

Formation levels should be set out in accordance with the design.

Only suitable fill material comprising clean, well consolidated crushed rock, hardcore, slag or concrete should be used to make up levels.

The sub-base should be mechanically consolidated in layers not exceeding 225mm.

Construction of paved areas

All sub-base levels should have the same longitudinal gradient and cross-fall as the finished levels.

Private roads, shared private drives and car parking areas should have adequate falls, cross-falls and suitable drainage to ensure that surface water is disposed of.

Where it is intended to use porous or permeable surfaces as part or all of the rainwater drainage system reference should be made to CIRIA report C522 - Sustainable urban drainage systems - design manual for England and Wales.

Surfaces should not be laid flatter than 1:40 or have a camber of 1:40 if no fall is available to avoid "flat spots".

Surface water from private areas should not drain onto adopted areas.

Surfaces of private drives and paths should be laid to a minimum finished fall of 1:80 away from the home including a garage. Alternatively a channel or other suitable means of collection and disposal should be provided adjacent to the home.

Vertical alignment, finished levels, transition arrangements and gradients should be in accordance with the design.

Edge restraint or kerbing should have a profile and foundation which is suitable to form a permanent supporting edge for the expected vehicle loads using the road or drive.

Any soakaway should be located in open or garden areas at least 2m away from any paved area.

HOUSE PATHS AND PATIOS

Sub-base

The sub-base should comprise of a 100mm thickness of clean, well consolidated crushed rock, hardcore (max size 75mm), slag or concrete, the surface of which is blinded with 25mm of sand.

Paving slabs

Paving slabs should be fully bedded in 25mm 1:4 cement : sand mortar or a suitable alternative.

Where paving slabs are laid abutting drainage channels, gully grates and the like, the upper surface of the paving slab should be set approximately 5mm above the grating.

Concrete

Concrete should be not less than 75mm thick and have a tamped or textured finish. The concrete mix should be suitable to give a durable and frost resistant surface, as described in Chapter 2.1 'Concrete and its reinforcement' (Design). Movement joints, not less than 10mm wide, should be provided across the full width of the path at not more than 4m centres. A movement joint is not required at the abutment with a wall unless the opposite edge of the concrete is also restrained.

TRANSITION LENGTHS

Transition lengths should be incorporated into drives and ramps with a gradient of more than 1:10.

Note

Maximum drive gradient is 1:6.